Causes of World War One

Causes of World War One World War I (1914 to 1918) was one of the most terrifying wars in history. This war was a total war; a war where every single country that was involved produced almost no consumer goods and used up all of their resources for the war effort. During those five years, countless amounts of soldiers lost their motivation and started to question what they are fighting for. It ended with an estimated 30 million casualties and a temporary peace treaty that lasted for on longer than twenty-one years. This war that put the central and allied powers into conflict began with the rising nationalism, endless competition for military strength, and the desire of conquering land. The tipping point that brought all of these forces into war was their system of alliances, which divided most of Europe into two sides. Nationalism, the belief that your country is superior to others countries, slowly spread and took over entire Europe. Of course, nationalism did not rise by itself. Before and even during World War I, propaganda took place; nationalism was found in newspaper, board-sheets, music, literature, and theatre (Llewellyn). This increased European countries’ pride, countries begun to feel overly proud of themselves, and some of the greater power started to feel unstoppable (Brown). Since all countries shared the same belief that their own country was always right and could win any war or conflict within months, the desire of war rose quickly while the European countries’ felt eager to prove their power (Llewellyn). The desire of proving one’s power was not the only idea that rose before World War I. Colonies and countries that were ruled under another nation’s government started to want self-governing and independent, which later on lead to rebellions. Archduke Fr anz Ferdinand, a highly ranked Austria government official, was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip; a member of a Serbian nationalist group called â€Å"Black hand† on June 28, 1914 (Brown). This was the fire that eventually lit up to World War I, which was somehow related to all European countries’ belief that all of them were intensely proud of – Nationalism. Militarism increased the military forces countries hold and competition of building their army and navy between countries. Arms race a process when countries compete about the amount of army and navy they’ve got and built up more was extremely serious between 1900 to 1914 (Poon). As Germany built a large military to protect itself from its long time enemy, France, France responded with an even larger military to keep itself safe and out of threat of the German (Brown). This process went on and on because as one of the countries’ military forces is greater than another’s, the one with less protection felt insecure and built an even greater military (Brown). Militarism not only caused European countries to build up strong forces to defend each other but also led to endless competition between counties in military buildups (Kelly). Germany, a country that increased its military buildup rapidly, threatened Britain’s position in naval forces. After Britain bu ilt its first Dreadnought (battle ship with 12-inch guns) the race begun, in 1909 to 1911, Germany built nine Dreadnoughts while Britain built 18 (Poon). Other then protection and competitions, militarism gave one the belief that war was coming and problems could be solved by wars (Poon). Thus of the strong and massive military force each country had, the entire Europe was ready for a war in 1914 (Poon). After the belief that one’s superior to others and military forces were all build up, imperialism occurred. Imperialism, the desire of gaining land, was accomplished by conquering more lands that could increase owns power and wealth (Kelly). Countries in Europe urged for Africa and parts of Asia because those were the places where provided valuable and massive amounts of rough materials (Kelly). Germany, as a rising power, wanted to conquer a part of Africa although France and Britain already established it (Brown). This action angered both France and Britain and as they worked together to keep Germany out of Africa, they became even closer allies (Brown). As imperialism went on, more and more conflicts appeared and caused the relationship between forces to worsen. Not only that, the confrontations of competing empire sizes pushed the countries in Europe a step near war (Kelly). The system of alliance was the force that held the countries in Europe together and caused this total war. Alliance system, built by Bismarck, was not built for military purpose at first, but since alliances were always made in secret and it increased the war tension, it became a serious problem (Poon). Before World War I, Europe was separated in to two major alliances the Triple Alliances and the Triple Entente (Brown). Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy were included in the Triple Alliance and France, Britain, and Russia in the Triple Entente. These two alliances were made to defend each other, but at the beginning of World War I, Italy became neutral and then joined the Entente (Brown). Although alliances were built to make countries safer, it ended up doing the opposite then they had expect (Wheeler). All countries in Europe were connected by alliance, so when a single conflict occurred, it caused war that involved entire Europe (Wheeler). The assassination of Archduke Franz Fe rdinand did the job in which Austria-Hungry declared war on Serbia and Serbia was promised to be protected by Russia (Brown). This is when alliance officially took place, held the central power against the allied power, and let to World War I. World War I ended with not much gain but great losses. Germany, used as a scapegoat of World War I, had to pay large amount of reparations. This made their economic system collapsed because they printed too much money. Also there was not enough food because all productions were made for military purpose during war. People faced a hard time and suffered starvation even after World War I ended. Italy, the county that joined the allied power during the war, did not get the land that it was promised. The United States, a country out of Europe, fought a war for foreign countries that gave it no benefit. After this war ended, the treaty of Versailles was signed. Countries insisted and wanted peace because every single of them felt exhausted, so, the League of Nations was built. Although the formation of League of Nations was a great step towards peace, the most important country, the United States, refused to join, so this peace did not last long. Soon, the â€Å"peace treaty† that ended World War I, will cause another horrifying war that will be forever remembered and remarked with this one. Work Cited Brown, Brandom. â€Å"Causes of WW1 (The Great War).† Connexions. Brandom Brown. 23 Apr. 2009. Web. 22 Sept. 2013 Kelly, Martin. â€Å"Top 5 Causes of World War 1.† About.com. Martin Kelly, n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2013. Llewellyn, Southey, Steve Thompson. â€Å"Nationalism as a cause of World War 1.† AlphaHistory. Jennifer Llewellyn, n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Poon, H.W. â€Å"Alliances system / System of Alliances.† Thecorner. TheCorner.org,1979. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Poon, H.W.â€Å"Militarism.† Thecorner. TheCorner.org,1979. Web. 20 Oct. 2013. Poon, H.W.â€Å"National Rivalries.† Thecorner. TheCorner.org,1979 Web. 29 Sept. 2013. Wheeler, Heather.â€Å"World War One Cause.† Historyonthenet. Heather Wheeler, 25 Feb. 2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013.

Managing a Holistic Marketing Organization for Long Run

CHAPTER 22 Managing a Holistic Marketing organization for Long Run Trends in Marketing Practices Reengineering: Appointing teams to manage customer-value-building processes and break down walls between departments. Outsourcing: Greater willingness to buy more goods and services from outside domestic or foreign vendors. Benchmarking: Studying â€Å"best practice companies† to improve performance. Supplier partnering: Increased partnering with fewer but better value-adding suppliers. Customer partnering: Working more closely with customers to add value to their operations.Merging: Acquiring or merging with firms in the same or complementary industries to gain economies of scale and scope. Globalizing: Increased effort to â€Å"think global† and â€Å"act local. † Flattening: Reducing the number of organizational levels to get closer to the customer. Focusing: Determining the most profitable businesses and customers and focusing on them. Accelerating: Designing the organization and setting up processes to respond more quickly to changes in the environment. Empowering: Encouraging and empowering personnel to produce more ideas and take more initiative. Internal MarketingOrganizing the Marketing Department Functional Organization Geographic Organization Product or Brand management organization Some of the tasks that product or brand managers may perform include: ? Developing a long-range and competitive strategy for the product. ? Preparing an annual marketing plan and sales forecast. ? Working with advertising and merchandising agencies to develop copy, programs, and campaigns. ? Increasing support of the product among the sales force and distributors. ? Gathering continuous intelligence on the product's performance, customer and dealer attitudes, and new problems and opportunities. Initiating product improvements to meet changing market needs. This organization has some disadvantages too: ? Product managers and specifically brand managers are not given enough authority to carry out their responsibilities. They have to rely on persuasion to get the cooperation of other departments. ? Product and brand managers become experts in their product area but rarely achieve functional expertise. They vacillate between acting as experts and having to defer to real experts. ? The product management system often turns out to be costly.One person is appointed to manage each major product or brand and soon managers are appointed to manage even minor products and brands. ? Brand managers normally manage a brand for only a short time. Short-term involvement leads to short-term planning and plays havoc with building long-term strengths. ? The fragmentation of markets makes it harder to develop a national strategy from headquarters. ? Brand managers must increasingly please regional and local sales groups, resulting in a transfer of power from marketing to sales. Product and brand managers cause the company to focus on building market shar e rather than building the customer relationship. Yet the customer relationship, not the brand, may be the primary lever for value creation. MARKET-MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION ? When customers fall into different user groups with distinct buying preferences and practices, a market-management organization is desirable. ? A market manager supervises several market managers (also called market-development managers, market specialists, or industry specialists). ? The market managers draw on functional services as needed.MATRIX-MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION ? A matrix organization would seem desirable in a multiproduct, multimarket company. ? This system is costly and often creates conflicts. ? There is the cost of supporting all the managers. ? There are also questions about where authority and responsibility should reside. Relation with other departments Building a Creative Marketing Organization ? Developing a company-wide passion for customers. ? Organizing around customer segments instead of around products. ? Developing a deep understanding of customers through qualitative and quantitative research.Socially Responsible Marketing Corporate Social Responsibility Legal behavior ? Society must use the law to define, as clearly as possible, those practices that are illegal, antisocial, or anticompetitive. ? Organizations must ensure that every employee knows and observes any relevant laws. ? For example, sales managers can check that sales representatives know and observe the law, such as the fact that it is illegal for salespeople to lie to consumers or mislead them about the advantages of buying a product. Ethical behaviorCompanies must adopt and disseminate a written code of ethics, build a company tradition of ethical behavior, and hold its people fully responsible for observing ethical and legal guidelines. Social Responsibility Behavior Sustainability The importance of meeting humanity’s needs without harming future generations. Socially Responsible Business Mo dels ? The future holds a wealth of opportunities for companies. ? Technological advances in solar energy, online networks, cable and satellite television, biotechnology, and telecommunications promise to change the world as we know it. At the same time, forces in the socioeconomic, cultural, and natural environments will impose new limits on marketing and business practices. ? Companies that are able to innovate new solutions and values in a socially responsible way are the most likely to succeed. Cause-Related Marketing ? Cause-related marketing is marketing that links the firm's contributions to a designated cause to customers' engaging directly or indirectly in revenue producing transactions with the firm. ? Cause marketing has also been called a part of corporate societal marketing (CSM) which Drumwright and Murphy define as marketing efforts â€Å"that have at least one on-economic objective related to social welfare and use the resources of the company and/or of its partners . † ? They also include other activities such as traditional and strategic philanthropy and volunteerism as part of CSM. CAUSE MARKETING BENEFITS AND COSTS A successful cause marketing program can produce a number of benefits: ? Improving social welfare ? Creating differentiated brand positioning ? Building strong consumer bonds ? Enhancing the company's public image with government officials and other decision makers; ? Creating a reservoir of goodwill Boosting internal morale and galvanizing employees; and driving sales Choosing a cause Many companies choose to focus on one or a few main causes to simplify execution and maximize impact. One of the more focused cause marketers is McDonald's. Ronald McDonald Houses in more than 20 countries offer more than 5,000 rooms each night to families needing support while their child is in the hospital. Ronald McDonald House program has provided a â€Å"home away from home† for nearly 4 million family members since its beginning in 1974. Social MarketingCognitive campaigns ? Explain the nutritional value of different foods ? Explain the importance of conservation. Action campaigns ? Attract people for mass immunization. ? Motivate people to vote â€Å"yes† on a certain issue. ? Motivate people to donate blood. ? Motivate women to take a pap test. Behavioral campaigns ? Demotivate cigarette smoking. ? Demotivate hard-drug usage. ? Demotivate excessive consumption of alcohol. Value campaigns ? Alter ideas about abortion. ? Change attitudes of bigoted people. Evaluation and Control Annual plan control Sales AnalysisMarket Share Analysis Needs to track its market share in one of three ways Overall market share/Served market share/Relative market share A useful way to analyze market share movements is in terms of four components: Overall market share=Customer penetration (% of all the customers who buy from the company)XCustomer loyalty X Customer selectivity (average customer purchase from the company co mpared to average company)X Price selectivity(Average price of the company with others) Marketing expense to sales analysis Financial analysis Profitability ControlMarketing Profitability Analysis Step: 1: Identifying functional expense Step: 2: Assessing functional expenses to marketing entities Step: 3: Preparing a profit and loss statement for each marketing entity Determining corrective actions Direct versus full costing Efficiency control Strategic control The Marketing audit Comprehensive The marketing audit covers all the major marketing activities of a business, not just a few trouble spots. It would be called a functional audit if it covered only the sales force, pricing, or some other marketing activity.Systematic The marketing audit is an orderly examination of the organization's macro-and micromarketing environments, marketing objectives and strategies, marketing systems, and specific activities. The audit indicates the most-needed improvements, which are then incorporat ed into a corrective action plan involving both short-run and long-run steps to improve overall effectiveness. Independent A marketing audit can be conducted in six ways: self-audit, audit from across, audit from above, company auditing office, company task force audit, and outsider audit.Self-audits, in which managers use a checklist to rate their own operations, lack objectivity and independence Periodic Typically, marketing audits are initiated only after sales have turned down, sales force morale has fallen, and other problems have occurred. Companies are thrown into a crisis partly because they failed to review their marketing operations during good times. A periodic marketing audit can benefit companies in good health as well as those in trouble. THE MARKETING EXCELLENCE REVIEWCompanies can use another instrument to rate their performance in relation to the best practices of high-performing businesses. The Future of Marketing In these ways, modern marketing will continue to ev olve and confront new challenges and opportunities. As a result, the coming years will see: ? The demise of the marketing department and the rise of holistic marketing. ? The demise of free-spending marketing and the rise of ROI marketing. ? The demise of marketing intuition and the rise of marketing science, ? The demise of manual marketing and the rise of automated marketing. The demise of mass marketing and the rise of precision marketing. Proficiency will be demanded in areas such as: ? Customer relationship management (CRM). ? Partner relationship management (PRM). ? Database marketing and data-mining. ? Contact center management and telemarketing. ? Public relations marketing (including event and sponsorship marketing), ? Brand-building and brand-asset management. ? Experiential marketing ? Integrated marketing communications ? Profitability analysis by segment, customer, channel.

Definition And Broader Applicability Of The Function Of...

Within our American legal system, the notion of how, to what extent, and why an offender should be punished following his or her transgression are the primary tenets of sentencing policies and the ultimate goal of achieving justice and preventing the spread of crime. Contention exists around the particular definition and broader applicability of the function of punishment, (Sayre-McCord 2001; Wringe 2012; Montague 2002; Hanna 2012; Kelly 2009; Stafford Warr 1993), yet overall, there is agreement that punishment serves to fulfill four primary motivations – specific and general deterrence, incapacitation of the offender, retribution, and restoration and rehabilitation of both the offender and the victim of a crime. Deterrence refers to†¦show more content†¦As such, here the perpetrator’s moral offense is of primary concern (in contrast with more complex concerns about the victim’s status following a crime, or the message an offense may send to society at-large), and the imposed punishment must be â€Å"morally proportional† to the offense, motivating such phrases as â€Å"just deserts†, â€Å"an eye for an eye†, or punishment simply for punishment’s sake (Okimoto, Weather, Feather, 2011; Gerber Jackson 2013). In contrast, restorative justice is a more holistic framework which focuses on repairing the harm an offender’s criminal behavior inflicts upon him or herself, the victim, and society at large. This can be accomplished through mechanisms such as increasing dialogue and cooperation between the victim and offender (i.e. conflict resolution or victim-offender mediations sessions), rehabilitating the offender to develop remorse and genuinely understand the gravity and repercussions of their criminal actions on the victim and the overall community, and working to slowly reintegrate both the offender and victim back into society (Okimoto, Weather, Feather 2011; Braithwaite 1999). Looking at these two approaches together, in the context of our modern criminal justice system, punishment and sentencing decisions are largely based on retributive motivations. Because of this, many argue that restorative justice canShow MoreRelatedLeadership and Management in the 20th Century2998 Words   |  12 Pageshandle, where as the word lead means to go. Similarly as the two words have different definitions, they also have different purposes. 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The Hunger Games and the Lottery Comparison Essay - 849 Words

My two books for this comparison essay are â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, and The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins. â€Å"The Lottery† is about the towns people drawing out slips of paper and seeing who gets the slip of paper with the black pencil dot; whereas The Hunger Games is about Katniss taking her sisters place when she shes called into the Hunger Games and trying to survive in the arena with Peeta in the Hunger Games. This book ends with Katniss and Peeta winning the Hunger Games and the two of them returning to District 12 with mixed feelings for each other, and an unforgettable experience. There are many similarities between these two books. Both stories have mind blowing experiences. Tessie throwing a fit about her husband†¦show more content†¦As a sacrifice for a good harvest. So you can see they both have some similarities; one of them being, they are both barbaric when it comes to rituals. The settings of these two books are different, beca use The Hunger Games mainly takes place in the arena, and â€Å"The Lottery† takes place in a public town spot. In â€Å"The Lottery†, theres really no romance, but in The Hunger Games, Katniss and Peeta are shown to the world as a couple. I think is actually a good tactic when trying to get sponsors and surviving because Peeta does protect Katniss and I believe he really does have feelings for her, as she does for him. Katniss is confused about her feelings for Gale, I think that she probably does care for Gale, but personally I think she cares for Peeta more. Otherwise why would she have risked her life for for him? Like when each district got a pack, and she ended up giving Peeta the sleeping syrup so she could go get the pack so Peeta could survive. There were also many differences between these two books. 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